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Improved wastewater treatment

Improving wastewater treatment helps protect public health, marine ecosystems, and freshwater resources. In island settings like Curaçao, Aruba, and St. Martin, outdated or insufficient sewer systems often lead to untreated wastewater entering the sea, harming coral reefs and increasing health risks. Upgrading treatment plants and expanding sewer coverage can reduce pollution and eutrophication.  

Nature-based solutions, such as constructed wetlands, can also treat wastewater effectively while supporting biodiversity and climate resilience. 

Feasibility & Local Applicability

This adaptation option is technically feasible and already being implemented in parts of the region. For example, St. Martin recently secured funding for a $10 million wastewater project supported by the World Bank. While capital-intensive, these systems are standard and can be tailored to local conditions. 

Constructed wetlands offer a lower-cost, decentralized alternative, especially in areas with limited infrastructure.

Co-benefits

Cleaner coastal waters improve reef health, which supports tourism and fisheries. Treated sludge can be reused to produce biogas, biofertilizers, or materials for road construction, reducing waste and creating new economic opportunities. Improved sanitation also reduces disease and enhances quality of life.

Equity & Vulnerability Considerations

Low-income and overburdened communities are often the most affected by poor sanitation. Prioritizing these areas for sewer upgrades and decentralized treatment systems can reduce health risks and improve living conditions. Community involvement in planning and maintenance can also build local capacity and ownership. 

Costs

Medium - High | Costs vary per methodology, but can be high for centralized systems. Decentralized wastewater treatment may be an affordable solution for regions lacking infrastructure. Some (decentralized) wastewater treatment facilities also create opportunities for reuse. Long-term benefits include reduced healthcare costs, improved tourism revenue, and avoided environmental damage. Blended finance, including international climate funds and public-private partnerships, can help cover investment needs. 

Case-studies & Examples

Literature

Adaptation Options Overview