Sand mining refers to the (illegal) removal of sand from beaches, dunes, or coastal areas for construction or other uses. When this happens without regulation, it damages coastal ecosystems, removes natural barriers like dunes and vegetation, and increases vulnerability to erosion, storm surges, and sea level rise. Even small-scale removal, such as tourists taking sand or shells, can have cumulative impacts. In the Caribbean, sand mining has been linked to habitat loss and declining beach stability, which threatens tourism and biodiversity. Sand mining is an increasing problem in the wider Caribbean region, but is not happening at large scales on Aruba, Curacao and St. Martin. 

Feasibility & Local Applicability

On Aruba, sand removal is strictly prohibited under national laws, and enforcement is supported by public awareness campaigns. Curaçao and St. Martin have regulations in place, but enforcement can be challenging, especially for small-scale or informal activities. Strengthening these rules and monitoring systems is feasible and aligns with tourism and conservation goals. Public education and signage at beaches and airports can complement enforcement.

Co-benefits

Regulating sand mining protects beaches and coastal ecosystems, which are critical for tourism and recreation. It helps maintain habitats for species like sea turtles and preserves natural defenses against storms and flooding. Healthy beaches also support local economies and cultural values tied to coastal landscapes.

Equity & Vulnerability Considerations

Communities that depend on coastal resources for livelihoods—such as small-scale fishers or tourism workers—benefit from stable beaches and ecosystems. However, enforcement should avoid penalizing vulnerable groups disproportionately. 

Costs

Low- Medium | The main costs involve monitoring, enforcement, and public education. These can be minimized by integrating sand mining regulations into existing coastal management and tourism programs. 

Case-studies & Examples

• Small scale sand mining threatening beach stability
• WIDECAST: sand mining and sea turtle conservation
• Aruba Papers, Why seashells and sand should stay on the beach

Literature

• Rangel-Buitrago, N., Neal, W., Pilkey, O., & Longo, N. (2023). The global impact of sand mining on beaches and dunes. Ocean & Coastal Management, 235, 106492
• Pilkey, O. H., Longo, N. J., & Neal, W. J. (2023). Vanishing sands: Losing beaches to mining. Duke University Press.